Coley

The population of coley, or saithe, in the northeast Arctic is abundant and fishing is within sustainable limits.NE Arctic saithe catches have fluctuated since the 1960s, exceeding 250,000 tonnes in the 1970s. Recent catches have averaged around 180,000 tonnes.The most recent stock assessment was carried out by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) in 2023 using data up to 2022. The reference points for this stock are based on the Norwegian management plan, rather than Maximum Sustainable Yield. ICES has evaluated the management plan and found it to be precautionary.It shows that spawning-stock biomass (SSB) declined from around 500,000 tonnes in the 1960s and 70s to below the point of reproductive impairment (Blim, 136,000t) during the 1980s-1990s. SSB has since increased and in 2022 it was 741,480t. It is predicted to be 727,666t in 2023. These figures are well above the management target (SSB MGT), which is 220,000t. The stock is therefore not in an overfished state.Fishing mortality (F) peaked at 0.71 in the 1980s, which is above Flim (0.58) - the level of pressure that could bring the stock to Blim. It fell to a low of 0.179 in the 2000s and increased again to 0.39 in the 2010s. It has again declined, and in 2022 it was 0.20. This is below the target in the management plan (FMP), which is 0.32. Therefore, the stock is not subject to overfishing.ICES advises that when the Norwegian management plan is applied, catches in 2024 should be no more than 223,123 tonnes. This is very similar to the advice from the previous year (-2% change).

Some appropriate management measures are in place. There is a management plan, that follows scientific advice. However, catches are excessive in some years and there is a small amount of discarding.Northeast Arctic (NEA) saithe is mainly caught by Norway, accounting for over 90% of the total catch. Most of the rest is caught by Russia, with some catches by the EU, UK, and Faroe Islands. Most of this fishery is MSC-certified. This rating covers uncertified fleets.This stock is managed through the Norwegian Management Plan. ICES considers it to be precautionary. The goal is to maintain the saithe stock at a level that allows for sustainable fishing, known as Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY). To determine the amount that can be caught, the plan has used a Harvest Control Rule since 2007, revised in 2013. It calculates catch limits, called Total Allowable Catches (TACs), based on the size (spawning biomass) of the stock. These catch limits are then divided among the countries involved in fishing. The TACs can change by a maximum of 15% from one year to the next, unless the stock falls below a certain threshold. This stability helps to ensure the sustainability of the fishery even if the saithe stock size fluctuates. Stock assessments are carried out by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES).From 2018 - 2022, Norwegian TACs have been set in line with scientific advice. The average was 177,805 tonnes. Catches have varied from 95-109% of TACs, averaging 181,543t - 102% of the advised limits. Therefore, management seems to be responsive to the status of the stock, is following scientific advice, and catches are generally compliant but are excessive in some years.In addition to the Harvest Control Rule described above, there are various other regulations. There is a minimum landing size to protect juveniles, which varies from 35-45cm, depending on capture method and location. There are limits on how many undersize fish can be caught (15% for cod, haddock and saithe combined of the total catch). Bottom trawlers and seines must use at least 130mm mesh size north of 64N and 120mm south of this. North of 64N, sorting grids in the net, which help small fish and other species to escape, are mandatory. Some areas are closed to fishing to protect juveniles, and vessels that catch too many juveniles must move 5nm away from the location.Discarding of unwanted or below-minimum-size fish is illegal. It is reported to take place in the saithe fishery at low levels, but there are no estimates to quantify it. As juvenile saithe stay mainly inshore, they are mostly inaccessible to the fishery. In the purse seine fishery, slipping is known to happen to reduce below-minimum-size catches. This is where fishers allow fish to escape from the net before it is hauled out of the water. It can have high mortality owing to the stress of being in the net. Data from observers indicates that fishers may also discard saithe when they are targeting other species and take it as bycatch, but don't have quota for it.Vessel monitoring systems are required on all Norwegian vessels, regardless of size, allowing real-time tracking of fishing locations and compliance with closed areas. Catches are reported electronically, which helps to monitor compliance with catch limits.Increased surveillance and monitoring at sea and in the air by Russian and Norwegian authorities, including greater participation by regulation-compliant fishing vessels, and greater cooperation from receiving port authorities, is reported to have practically eradicated Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated fishing in the Barents Sea.A small part of the centre of the Barents Sea is beyond national jurisdiction and is therefore an area of high seas. It is known as “the Loophole”. Fishing here is managed through the Northeast Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC) and by coastal states.

Some Arctic saithe catches are by gillnets. This can have a bycatch of endangered golden redfish, which is of concern.Some Arctic saithe (around 40%) is caught by trawling. Purse seine accounts for 20% of catches, and gillnet, 15%. Most catches are by Norway. The fishery covers the Barents and Norwegian Seas.Bycatch of golden redfish is a significant concern in this area, mainly by trawlers. This is a long-lived species, vulnerable to the impacts of overfishing. It is on the Norwegian Redlist as a threatened (EN) species, indicating that it's at risk of extinction. Quite high levels of bycatch are allowed because this species cannot easily be distinguished from the more common beaked redfish. Up to 10% by weight is permitted for vessels over 21m, and 30% for smaller vessels. ICES indicates that there is no sustainable catch level of this species, and notes that measures to reduce bycatch are essential. Area closures have not been successful.However, catches have been increasing in recent years. In 2021, over 10,000 tonnes were caught. Around 75% of this was by trawling and 15% by gillnet. The MSC-certified Norwegian saithe fishery, which accounts for the majority of saithe catches in this area, recorded around 700 tonnes of golden redfish catch by gillnets in 2021. This is 0.07% of the total golden redfish catch. However, ICES reports indicate that the gillnet fishery for saithe is the main source of redfish bycatch after trawling. It therefore seems that this fishery could be contributing to the ongoing poor state of this species.There are also concerns about the bycatch of Norwegian coastal cod, which is being overfished. ICES advice for the saithe fishery is that bycatch of coastal cod should be kept as low as possible. Around 50% of coastal cod catches are by gillnet, and therefore the saithe gillnet fishery could be contributing to the overfishing of this stock.Gillnets can have a bycatch of seabirds and mammals. ICES suggests that the coastal gillnet fisheries are mainly responsible for this bycatch. These fisheries generally target cod, monkfish, and saithe. Recorded interactions include northern fulmar, guillemot, harbour porpoise and seals.In the Norwegian ecoregion, the average annual coastal gillnet porpoise bycatch decreased in 2018 from over 2,900 individuals to around 1,600. This is below the ASCOBANS limit, and therefore the fishery does not appear to be affecting the porpoise population. To reduce porpoise bycatch, Norwegian fisheries have been required to use pingers during winter months since 2021. In the Barents Sea, grey seals are showing reductions in pup production, thought to be from bycatch in the cod and monkfish fishery. There is little data on other marine mammals. Therefore, it is unclear if this fishery is have a population level effect on some species.The estimated annual bycatch of seabirds in gillnet fisheries along the Norwegian coast during 2006–2015 was around 5000 individuals. For black guillemot and fulmars, bycatch may be a small fraction of the local population. There appears to be little data on other species. Therefore, it is unclear if this fishery is having a population level effect on some species.Ghost fishing from gillnets can also be a problem, as if lost they can continue to 'fish' for several weeks. The number of gillnets lost increases with depth, where they can also ghost fish for longer as they are less likely to become fouled or tangled.Gillnets don't tend to have significant habitat impacts. However, if they are using anchoring systems, or are dragged across the seabed during fishing and hauling, they can snag on or otherwise affect vulnerable species such as corals and sponges, which can be slow to recover. There are designated MPAs in Norwegian and Russian waters, within which all fishing is prohibited. It is an offence for any fishing vessel to fish on or in close proximity to known areas of coral reef or coral garden. Norwegian vessels report the presence of cold-water corals or sponges in a catch and then move 2-5 miles away to continue fishing - this is monitored through Vessel Monitoring Systems.

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