European lobster

Based on limited data, there is concern for fishing pressure and biomass of European lobster in Northern Ireland. European lobsters have a high resilience to fishing pressure.Route 2 (data limited) scoring has been applied to this rating due to a lack of reference points for biomass and fishing pressure. European lobster has a high resilience to fishing pressure.In 2023, Northern Ireland vessels landed 96 tonnes of lobster, this is the highest landings of the time series and is part of an increasing trend since 2020. This most recent landing data exceeds the long-term average of around 70 tonnes. Over the last 5 years, an average of 21,147 pots were used annually, which is higher than the 18-year average of 20,404 pots. Therefore, there remains a concern for fishing pressure.There is no fishery-independent biomass assessment for European lobster around Northern Ireland, so there are no biomass reference points to assess stock size. Instead, Landings Per Unit Effort (LPUE) and length data are used as proxies for stock status. LPUE has generally increased since 2019, exceeding the timeseries average in 2022, and continuing to increase in 2023. However, for the stock to be considered healthy, the mean length should be Lopt (95.8mm carapace length for females, and 99.3mm for males). Female lobsters have been above their Lopt since 2017, and are therefore considered to be exploited sustainably. However, males fell below their Lopt in 2022, and remained there in 2023, indicating that they are currently overexploited. This data relies on accurate reporting by fisheries, and may be influenced by where, how, and when fishing takes place. As a result, it is not as reliable as fisheries-independent data. Despite LPUE increasing, males are currently overexploited and landed smaller than Lopt, and there is no independent biomass assessment, therefore there is concern for biomass.

Management requires considerable improvement. Further data is needed to reliably assess biomass and responsive effort controls are needed to improve European lobster stocks around Northern Ireland.The Northern Ireland (NI) European lobster fishery is managed by the Northern Ireland Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs (DAERA). This is a data limited fishery but stock advice sheets that are produced annually by the Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI) allow for a better understanding of the stock.In Northern Ireland, the main management measure is the minimum conservation reference size (MCRS) of 87mm carapace length for European lobster. The MCRS is below the estimated maturity size (CL50) of 92mm in Northwest Ireland, and below the Lopt for both sexes, and therefore still leaves the stock vulnerable to overexploitation. Also, maturity varies spatially, meaning that the MCRS may not optimise reproduction and landings as some stocks mature smaller or larger than this size.For over 20 years, fishermen in Northern Ireland have been v-notching lobsters. V-notching of lobsters requires removing a V-shaped piece of exoskeleton from the uropod (inner tail flap) of female lobsters of reproductive size which are carrying eggs, then returning the lobster to the sea. This allows other fishermen to know not to land this lobster as it is reproducing. As well as notching berried females, in recent years, fishermen in Northern Ireland have been notching male or female lobsters over 126mm. The berries and/or notches are genetically tested allowing not only for a database to be held on lobster families, but also to assess the effectiveness of v-notching as a stock enhancement tool.In Strangford Lough, there are also restrictions on fishing in certain areas below 10 metres deep.All vessels registered in the UK must have a domestic fishing vessel license to fish within the UK EEZ for sea fish that will be sold. No new licenses are being issued. All commercial vessels under 10m, with a shellfish license, are required to complete Monthly Shellfish Activity Return (MSAR) forms for the Marine Management Organisation (MMO). These must include the catch and retained weight each day along with the date, name of the vessel, vessel registration number, gear type, area and port of landing. All vessels over 10m do not need to complete MSAR as they will be completing an EU logbook of catches. For all vessels, effort is reported as days fished, and not as pots fished.However, the restrictive shellfish license is not thought to restrict expansion of the NI fishing fleet as licenses with shellfish entitlements can be imported from anywhere in UK. In NI, you also do not need a permit to fish recreationally for crabs and lobsters, with a daily limit of five crabs and one lobster. This fishery is also covered by the Western Waters Regime, with vessels 15m and above restricted to 220 days at sea in ICES area 7 between 1 January and 31 December.Crab and lobster fisheries are not subject to Total Allowable Catch (TAC) regulations or national quotas, meaning there are no formal limits on the quantities that can be landed. Instead, AFBI provides annual scientific advice on sustainable catch levels for ICES rectangles 37E3, 37E4, 38E4, 39E3 and 39E4. However, these advisory thresholds continue to be exceeded, with 2022 landings 46.9% above recommended levels and 2023 landings 50.3% above advice. DAERA have also not introduced a pot limit for crab and lobster fisheries and current assessments do not account for landings by vessels from other nations, which reduces the accuracy of the stock assessment. The Marine Conservation Society views Remote Electronic Monitoring (REM) with cameras is one of the most cost-effective tools for providing reliable fisheries data and aiding informed management decisions. Fully monitored fisheries enhance collaboration, data accuracy, stock recovery, and reduce impacts on marine wildlife and habitats. However, the full potential of REM may only be achieved when it tracks fishing location and documents catch and bycatch, particularly where vulnerable species and habitats are at risk. As of January 2024, the EU is introducing a Remote Electronic Monitoring (REM) mandate for EU vessels, including CCTV cameras on vessels 18m or more that pose a potential risk of non-compliance, within the next 4 years. Across the UK, different approaches to REM are being taken and legislation is expected to be in place across all 4 countries within the next few years.The Fisheries Act (2020) requires the development of Fisheries Management Plans (FMPs) (replacing EU Multi-Annual Plans) in the UK. 43 FMPs have been proposed and are at various stages of development and implementation, these should all be published by the end of 2028. FMPs have the potential to be very important tools for managing UK fisheries, although data limitations may delay them for some stocks. It is also essential the UK governments define and adopt a standardised approach or model across the four nations to a universally defined FMP design, to ensure the consistence, quality and coherence of all the proposal FMPs.The Marine Conservation Society is keen to see publicly available Fishery Management Plans for all commercially exploited stocks, especially where stocks are depleted, that include:An overview of the fishery including current stock status, spatial coverage, current fishing methods and impactsTargets for fishing pressure and biomass, and additional management when those targets are not being met, based on the best scientific evidenceTimeframes for stock recoveryImproved data collection, transparency, and accountability, supported by technologies such as Remote Electronic Monitoring (REM)Consideration of wider environmental impacts of the fishery, including habitat impacts and minimising bycatchStakeholder engagementA Northern Ireland non-quota shellfish FMP has been proposed, coordinated by DAERA, which incorporates this stock. At the time of writing, it is too soon to know whether proposed management measures will be effective in managing the stock. For more information about this FMP and expected progress and timelines, see https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/joint-fisheries-statement-jfs/list-of-fisheries-management-plans

Crab and lobster pots have low seabed impacts when deployed and retrieved correctly. They are also selective towards larger individuals, and can mitigate bycatch through escape panels.In the UK, brown crab and European lobster are fished together in a mixed fishery with seasonal and regional variation of target species taking place. Lobsters are caught in pots, also known as creels, and can be fished individually or as part of a fleet of up to 100 pots, depending on the size of the boat and crew. Pots are portable traps made of wood or steel wire and plastic. The lobster is baited into the initial part (the chamber) and moves into the secondary part (the parlour) where it becomes trapped.In crab and lobster fisheries, there is no legislation or regulation to standardise the type of pot used. They tend to be highly selective as undersized animals can be returned to the sea alive and survival rates for non-target organisms are thought to be high. Studies of Irish Sea potting fisheries shown that common bycatch species are velvet crabs, small-spotted catsharks, and squat lobsters. While more than half of the bycatch is predicted to survive, there is little research available to support this. Measures to further reduce bycatch include the use of escape panels to allow undersize animals and bycatch to escape pots.Habitat impacts from potting are low but can occur during deployment, soak time or hauling of the pot, impacting the benthic habitat and associated species through contact with the pot or end weight, or by scouring from ropes. Research that has taken place suggests that while some damage does occur, it is unlikely to be significant unless potting intensity is high (defined as approximately 30 pots per 500 square metres). The most damage occurs when traps are set in sensitive habitats such as rocky reefs, seagrass beds, and maerl beds. These ecosystems play a crucial role in supporting marine biodiversity by providing nursery grounds, shelter from predators, and settlement areas for invertebrate spat.To safeguard these vulnerable habitats, potting is prohibited in several designated conservation areas within Northern Irish waters. These include the Red Bay Special Area of Conservation (SAC), Rathlin Island Special Protection Area (SPA), Skerries and Causeway SAC, and the Waterfoot Marine Conservation Zone (MCZ), where the use of static fishing gear is restricted.Lost pots can pose an additional risk to marine life through ‘ghost fishing’, where abandoned gear continues to trap and entangle species. As fishing gear is a financial investment, there is incentive to maintain and recover lost pots. The occurrence of ghost fishing can also be reduced by the use of appropriate gear designs and release devices.To improve monitoring and reporting of fishing activity, The Marine Conservation Society would like to see remote electronic monitoring (REM) with cameras implemented, used and enforced.

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