European lobster

Homarus gammarus

4: OK - Needs improvement How we work out the ratings

What to check for

Location

England (Yorkshire Humber)

Technical location

Atlantic, Northeast, North Sea (South)

Caught by

Pot, trap or creel

Rating summary

In the Yorkshire Humber area, fishing mortality is high, around the limit reference point for males and between MSY and the limit reference point for females. Biomass is between the minimum and maximum reference point for both sexes. This rating is for the European lobster fishery in Yorkshire Humber, in England, beyond 6nm. Some national management measures are in place, however, they are not effective in managing the stock and effort controls are needed. Pot fishing is generally considered very low impact as it is selective for larger individuals and has minimal impact on the surrounding environment.Rating last updated June 2024.

Technical consultation summary

How we worked out this Rating

In the Yorkshire Humber area, fishing mortality is high, around the maximum reference point for males, and just below for females. The biomass of both sexes between the limit and target reference points.European lobster can be found from Scandinavia to North Africa. CEFAS defines six Lobster Fishery Units for England and publishes stock status reports for each area every 2 years.In the latest stock assessment (2019), fishing mortality (F) of European lobster in the Yorkshire Humber area is high, just above the maximum reference point for males, and below the maximum reference point for females, but above the target. The fishing pressure is reported to be particularly high on animals around the Minimum Conservation Reference Size (MCRS).The biomass status of both sexes is low, below the MSY target reference point for both males and females, but above the minimum reference point limit.

Management requires considerable improvement and effort controls are needed to improve the stock.There are some management measures in place, but there are no catch limits in place to prevent overexploitation. There is no limit on creel numbers, no spatial controls and no total allowable catch (TAC) for either the fishery as a whole, or individual vessels. There are also no tools available to implement a harvest control rule to provide a quick management response to adverse trends in stock indicators.In England, the minimum conservation reference size (MCRS) is 87mm carapace length and lobsters must be landed whole. National legislation prohibits the landing of berried lobsters and those with a v-notch in their tail fan.All vessels registered in the UK must have a domestic fishing vessel license to fish within the UK EEZ for sea fish that will be sold. No new licenses are being issued. All commercial vessels under 10m, with a shellfish license, are required to complete Monthly Shellfish Activity Return (MSAR) forms for the Marine Management Organisation (MMO). These must include the catch and retained weight each day along with the date, name of the vessel, vessel registration number, gear type, area and port of landing. All vessels over 10m do not need to complete MSAR as they will be completing an EU logbook of catches. For all vessels, effort is reported as days fished, and not as pots fished.The Marine Conservation Society views Remote Electronic Monitoring (REM) with cameras is one of the most cost-effective tools for providing reliable fisheries data and aiding informed management decisions. Fully monitored fisheries enhance collaboration, data accuracy, stock recovery, and reduce impacts on marine wildlife and habitats. However, the full potential of REM may only be achieved when it tracks fishing location and documents catch and bycatch, particularly where vulnerable species and habitats are at risk. As of January 2024, the EU is introducing a Remote Electronic Monitoring (REM) mandate for EU vessels, including CCTV cameras on vessels 18m or more that pose a potential risk of non-compliance, within the next 4 years. Across the UK, different approaches to REM are being taken and legislation is expected to be in place across all 4 countries within the next few years.The Fisheries Act (2020) requires the development of Fisheries Management Plans (FMPs) (replacing EU Multi-Annual Plans) in the UK. 43 FMPs have been proposed and are at various stages of development and implementation, these should all be published by the end of 2028. FMPs have the potential to be very important tools for managing UK fisheries, although data limitations may delay them for some stocks. It is also essential the UK governments define and adopt a standardised approach or model across the four nations to a universally defined FMP design, to ensure the consistence, quality and coherence of all the proposal FMPs.The Marine Conservation Society is keen to see publicly available Fishery Management Plans for all commercially exploited stocks, especially where stocks are depleted, that include:An overview of the fishery including current stock status, spatial coverage, current fishing methods and impactsTargets for fishing pressure and biomass, and additional management when those targets are not being met, based on the best scientific evidenceTimeframes for stock recoveryImproved data collection, transparency, and accountability, supported by technologies such as Remote Electronic Monitoring (REM)Consideration of wider environmental impacts of the fishery, including habitat impacts and minimising bycatchStakeholder engagementA crab and lobster FMP for English waters has been proposed, coordinated by Defra, in partnership with Seafish that incorporates this stock. At the time of writing, it is too soon to know whether proposed management measures will be effective in managing the stock. For more information about this FMP and expected progress and timelines, see https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/crab-and-lobster-fisheries-management-plan-fmp-for-english-waters.

Pot fishing is considered low impact as it is selective for larger individuals and has minimal impact on the surrounding environment.In the UK, brown crab and European lobster are fished together in a mixed fishery with seasonal and regional variation of target species taking place. The key fishing season for brown crab in the UK takes place from May to December. Crabs are caught in pots, also known as creels, and can be fished individually or as part of a fleet of up to 100 pots, depending on the size of the boat and crew. Pots are portable traps made of wood or steel wire and plastic. The crab is baited into the initial part (the chamber) and moves into the secondary part (the parlour) where it becomes trapped.In brown crab fisheries, there is no legislation or regulation to standardise the type of pot used. They tend to be highly selective as undersized animals can be returned to the sea alive and survival rates for non-target organisms are thought to be high. More than half of the bycatch caught are predicted to survive, although there is little available research to prove this. Measures to further reduce bycatch include the use of escape panels to allow undersize animals and bycatch to escape pots. In Scotland, there is concern about whale entanglement in creel lines, and humpback and minke whale populations may be impacted.Habitat impacts from potting are low but can occur during deployment, soak time or hauling of the pot, impacting the benthic habitat and associated species through contact with the pot or end weight, or by scouring from ropes. Research that has taken place suggests that while some damage does occur, it is unlikely to be significant unless potting intensity is high (defined as approximately 30 pots per 500 square metres). Most damage occurs where traps are set in rocky habitats that are home to corals, sponges, sea whips and other large emergent species. These habitats and species provide nursery areas, refuges from predators and habitat for the settlement of invertebrate spat.In some circumstances, there can be instances of ghost fishing, when lost fishing gear continues to fish and can entangle a variety of species, but this can be minimised by using appropriate gear and release devices.

References

Cefas. 2023. Edible crab (Cancer pagurus). Cefas Stock Status Report 2023. 27 pp. Available at https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/66325aeedf4c0c63311e413e/2023_Crab_stock_assessments_FINAL...pdf [Accessed on 26.06.2024].CBI. 2022. Entering the European market for crab. Available at https://www.cbi.eu/market-information/fish-seafood/crab/market-entry [Accessed on 26.06.2024].Gall, S.C., Rodwell, L.D., Clark, S., Robbins, T., Attrill, M.J., Holmes, L.A. and Sheehan, E.V. 2020. The impact of potting for crustaceans on temperate rocky reef habitats: Implications for management. Marine Environmental Research, 162, p.105134. Available at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0141113619308657 [Accessed on 26.06.2024].ICES. 2023. Working group on the Biology and Life History of Crabs (WGCRAB, outputs from 2020-2022 meetings). ICES Scientific Reports. 5:110. 123 pp. Available at https://doi.org/10.17895/ices.pub.24720936 [Accessed on 26.06.2024].Marine Management Organisation (MMO). Minimum Conservation Reference Sizes (MCRS) in UK waters. 2018. Available at https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/minimum-conservation-reference-sizes-mcrs/minimum-conservation-reference-sizes-mcrs-in-uk-waters [Accessed on 26.06.2024].Mesquita, C., Dobby, H., Pierce, G.J., Jones, C.S., Fernandes, P.G. 2020. Abundance and spatial distribution of brown crab (Cancer pagurus) from fishery-independent dredge and trawl surveys in the North Sea. ICES Journal of Marine Science, fsaa105. Available at https://academic.oup.com/icesjms/advance-article/doi/10.1093/icesjms/fsaa105/5880823 [Accessed on 26.06.2024].Moffat, C., Richardson, H. and Roberts, G. 2020. Natural England marine chalk characterisation project. Natural England Report NERR080. Available at https://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/publication/5385776319954944 [Accessed on 26.06.2024].Northumberland Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority. Byelaws. Available at https://nifca.gov.uk/byelaws/ [Accessed on 26.06.2024].Palomares, M.L.D. and Pauly, D. Editors. 2024. SeaLife Base. Cancer pagurus, edible crab. Available at https://www.sealifebase.ca/summary/Cancer-pagurus.html [Accessed on 26.06.2024].Seafish. Pots and traps - Brown Crab. Available at https://www.seafish.org/responsible-sourcing/fishing-gear-database/gear/pots-and-traps-brown-crab/ [Accessed on 26.06.2024].Siikavuopio, S. I., Thesslund, T. and Gallagher, M. The development of a formed bait solution for the Irish Whelk Fishery. Original project title: New bait for brown crab. Available at https://fisheryprogress.org/sites/default/files/documents_actions/Whelk%20Bait%20Phase%201%20Report.pdf [Accessed on 26.06.2024].Spoors, F., Mendo, T., Khan, N. and James, M. 2021. Assessing bait use by static gear fishers of the Scottish inshore fisheries: A preliminary study. Fisheries Research. Volume 240, August 2021, 105974. Available at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0165783621001028 [Accessed on 26.06.2024].Stevens, B. G. 2020. The ups and downs of traps: environmental impacts, entanglement, mitigation, and the future of trap fishing for crustaceans and fish, ICES Journal of Marine Science. Volume 78, Issue 2, March 2021, pp. 584-596. Available at https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsaa135 [Accessed on 26.06.2024].