Scampi or langoustine

In South Minch, scampi, often referred to as Nephrops or Norway lobster, is not overfished or subject to overfishing.Stock abundance in 2023 is estimated to be 1,494 million individuals. The stock appear to fluctuate significantly every 5 years, however, it has been above target levels (MSY BTrigger, 960 million) since 2013. Therefore, the stock is not in an overfished state.The total catch in 2022 was 2,354 tonnes. This is equivalent to a harvest rate of 5.1% of the population (by number). It is below the level associated with Maximum Sustainable Yield (FMSY, 11.7%). Therefore, the stock is not subject to overfishing.ICES advises that when the MSY approach is applied, catches in 2024 should be no more than 4,696 tonnes, assuming discard rates and fishery patterns don't change from recent years. This is a 10.4% decrease from the previous year due to a decrease in stock size.A 2011 study on Norway lobster in the Clyde found a high prevalence of plastics and suggested that this could have implications for the health of the stock - this may have relevance for other Norway lobster stocks. Some of the plastics were sourced to fishing waste. Studies have shown that the effects of climate change - warmer waters, reduced oxygen levels, higher ocean acidity, and higher levels of heavy metals - can negatively impact Norway lobsters' larval development and make adults more susceptible to disease. Lower oxygen levels can also cause Norway lobster to leave their burrows, making them easier to catch.

Some management measures are in place for Norway lobster in South Minch. Catch limits don't match the stock area, meaning there is a risk of overfishing, but current catches are within recommended limits.Norway lobster stock assessments are conducted by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES). Stock assessments are produced for 33 areas across the Northeast Atlantic, called Functional Units (FUs). However, management is applied to 18 areas, called management units. These management units broadly overlap with the functional units, but not very effectively. Vessels are free to move between grounds, allowing relatively uncontrolled fishing on some stocks, and risking overfishing. Scientists have repeatedly advised over the years that management should be implemented at the functional unit level, to better protect Norway lobster. This would result in fishing controls that respond to changes within individual stocks. However, this advice is not being followed.This stock is fished by the UK, primarily by Scottish fleets. It is covered by the EU's Western Waters Multi Annual management Plan (MAP), but the UK is not signed up to the MAP. There is no UK management plan for it.Catch limits (Total Allowable Catches, TACs) are in place, but these are not specific to this Norway lobster stock. One TAC covers the whole of the West of Scotland (subarea 6), encompassing 3 different stocks. This does not protect stocks from overfishing. Catches in Subarea 6 overall have been less than the TAC in recent years, as there has been a general decline in trawling fishing effort for Norway lobster. From 2018-2022, catches in FU12 have been below the advice, averaging 46% of recommended limits.In addition to catch limits, there are requirements to use selective gear (e.g. square-meshed panels) to allow small Norway lobster and fish to escape the nets, with the aim of reducing bycatch. Scotland has established a network of regional Inshore Fisheries Groups (rIFGs). These non-statutory bodies aim to improve the management of Scotland's inshore fisheries out to six nautical miles, and to give commercial inshore fishermen a strong voice in wider marine management developments. Although no IFG proposals for management of Norway lobster fisheries have yet been adopted, some of the IFG management plans for the Scottish West Coast include spatial management and the introduction of creel limits. Overall effort by the creel fleet in terms of creel numbers is not known, and measures to control numbers are not in place. The combined effort from all forms of fishing should be taken into account when managing this stock.There is a Minimum Conservation Reference Size of 25mm in the Celtic Seas. Below this size, Norway lobster must be landed but can't be sold for human consumption, and so have a lower value. Under the EU Landings Obligation (LO) and UK law, it is illegal to discard unwanted (e.g. undersized or over-quota) Norway lobster at sea. However, there are exemptions in this area, because this species survives well after being discarded, even from trawlers. Discarding is still allowed in all creel fisheries and up to 5% can be discarded from trawlers. Compliance with the LO is poor throughout European fisheries. However, discard rates in this fishery are low.Project UK is implementing Fishery Improvement Projects (FIPs) on twelve UK fisheries that are important to the UK market. This includes nephrops caught by trawl or creel around the UK. The FIP began in 2019 and has an end date of April 2024, at which point it should be ready to undergo MSC certification.The FIP has been successful in tackling some issues, including providing research into habitat impacts and developing advice for potential approaches to a harvest strategy. These outcomes are not inconsiderable. However, there has been very little change to the footprint of the nephrops fishery, and requirements are not being met for outcomes for endangered, threatened and protected (ETP) species, despite research by the FIP indicating that trawling poses a significant risk to them. The advice on harvest strategy has also not resulted in any changes to management. Therefore, we do not consider the FIP to have addressed all key environmental issues in this fishery, and it does not meet GFG guidelines for application of a FIP Improver score.The FIP lists Fishery Management Plans (FMPs) as a delivery mechanism for improvements. The FMPs for Nephrops are expected in 2024 but have not yet been published for consultation. Given that the FIP will end on April 2024, and no FMPs will be delivering harvest strategies by that point, we not consider it possible for this key issue to be addressed within the FIP timescale.More information is available here and here.The UK Fisheries Act came into force in January 2021. The Act requires the development of Fisheries Management Plans (FMPs) (replacing EU Multi-Annual Plans) but there are no details yet on how and when these will be developed. FMPs have the potential to be very important tools for managing UK fisheries, although data limitations may delay them for some stocks. MCS is keen to see FMPs for all commercially exploited stocks, especially where stocks are depleted, that include:Targets for fishing pressure and biomass, and additional management when those targets are not being metTimeframes for stock recoveryTechnologies such as Remote Electronic Monitoring (REM) to support data collection and improve transparency and accountabilityConsideration of wider environmental impacts of the fishery

Entanglement rates in creel fisheries on the west coast are possibly contributing to the decline or preventing the recovery of minke whales.Creeling is a relatively passive method of fishing, using baited pots placed on the seabed to attract Norway lobster. However, there is potential for entanglement of endangered, threatened or protected species from the ropes attached to the pots. A report in 2010 estimated that around 7.5km of creel lines would be in Scottish waters throughout most of the year. These creels are targeting crab, lobster, and Norway lobster. Whales become entangled in groundline because the rope used is buoyant and floats in loops between pots, rather than lying on the seabed.The main species at risk are minke and humpback whales and basking sharks. Recent data suggest that 2.3% of the local minke population may be killed through entanglement each year, which is risking local depletion. Humpback whales are present in low abundances in Scottish waters, but entanglement rates are relatively high, and increasing. For both species, there is a risk of local depletion as a result. In 2022, a new study interviewed fishers about whale entanglements in Scotland. Of 59 Nephrops fishers interviewed, 27 reported minke whale entangelement, and 5 reported humpback whale entanglement. The study also found that there was a positive correlation between the average amount of gear set by a vessel and the number of minke whale entanglements.Minke whales entanglements are likely to be acutely fatal, with 84% of entangled minke whales found by creel fishers being already dead. In the area covering the west coast of Scotland, inside of the Outer Hebrides, it is estimated that there are 16 fatal entanglements per year. Potential biological removal (PBR) is used to assess the conservation implications of bycatch. In this area, the PBR for minke whales would be 4.6 individuals per year, this is less than a third of the estimated annual number of fatal entangelements. This suggests a risk of localised depletion for minke whales.Work is underway with fishers to investigate ways to reduce these risks, but no widescale mitigation measures have so far been introduced. Marine mammal bycatch reporting requirements were only introduced in the UK in November 2021, so monitoring to date has been poor. Scottish creel fishers have shown a willingness to engage in entanglement mitigation, with suggestions such as the introduction of sinking groundline to the sector, and these options should be urgently pursued.Unwanted catch within the pots, e.g. egg-bearing Norway lobsters or other species, is released alive and is very likely to survive. This generally includes whelks, hermit crabs, brown crabs, velvet crabs, and lobsters. Bycatch of these species is not a concern in this fishery.The impact of creels on the seabed is likely to be low. They are normally set on a mud surface but can sometimes impact sessile species, although the impact of creels on sea pens is considered minimal. Research that has taken place suggests that while some damage does occur, it is unlikely to be significant unless potting intensity is high (defined as approximately 30 pots per 500 square metres). Most damage occurs where traps are set in rocky habitats that are home to corals, sponges, sea whips and other large emergent species. These habitats and species provide nursery areas, refuges from predators and habitat for the settlement of invertebrate spat. To mitigate their impact, under the National Marine Planning process, habitats are being mapped in Scottish waters. Burrowed mud habitat is mapped as a priority marine feature, as per OSPAR Convention legislation.Within the South Minch functional unit, there are eight Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) with fisheries management measures.In the Loch Sunart to the Sound of Jura Nature Conservation (NC) MPA and the Firth of Lorn Special Area of Conservation (SAC), demersal trawling is banned in some areas (i.e. it is zoned), and seasonal closures are implemented in others.In the Loch Sunart NCMPA/SAC, the East of Mingulay SAC, and Loch Creran NCMPA/SAC, demersal trawling is banned and creeling is zoned.In the Trenish Isles SAC, demersal trawling banned.Loch Duich, Long and Alsh NCMPA/SAC covers some patches of muddy sediment, where demersal trawling is banned, and trawling is temporally closed in other areas that extend beyond the MPA onto muddy sediment.In Loch Carron NCMPA, all fishing is banned.Given the important role that Marine Protected Areas (including NCMPAs and SACs) have in recovering the health and function of our seas, MCS encourages the supply chain to identify if their specific sources are being caught from within MPAs. If sources are suspected of coming from within designated and managed MPAs, MCS advises businesses to establish if the fishing activity is operating legally inside a designated and managed MPA; and to request evidence from the fishery or managing authority to demonstrate that the activity is not damaging to protected features or a threat to the conservation objectives of the site(s).

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