European hake

Northern hake is not overfished and not subject to overfishing.The most recent stock assessment was published by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) in 2022, using data up to 2022. It defines reference points for fishing pressure (F) and biomass (B). For fishing pressure, there is a target to keep F at or below Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY). For biomass, there is no target. However, there is a trigger point (MSY BTrigger). Below this level, F should be reduced to allow the stock to increase. Because BMSY is not defined, the Good Fish Guide applies its own definition of 1.4 x MSY BTrigger. The stock assessment was benchmarked in 2022, and the new estimates of stock size are 71% larger over time. Estimates of spawning stock biomass (SSB) now only include females, whereas previously they included males as well.The spawning-stock biomass (SSB) has increased substantially from being outside biologically safe levels in 2006 (around 45,000 tonnes) to peak at almost 300,000t in 2015. It has since declined to 186,358t in 2022. This is well above MSY Btrigger (78,405t). The stock is therefore not in an overfished state.Fishing mortality (F) decreased significantly between 2005 and 2012, and has been fluctuating below levels associated with Maximum Sustainable Yield (FMSY, 0.24) since then. In 2021 it was 0.184 - below FMSY. The stock is therefore not subject to overfishing.ICES advises that when the MSY approach is applied, catches in 2023 should be no more than 83,130 tonnes. This is an 11% increase on the previous year's advice, because of revised new stock assessment.There is some uncertainty in this stock assessment. The biomass surveys don't cover the entire stock distribution area, and changes in distribution are known to increase uncertainty in the assessment. Analyses show that the new assessment tends to revise historical SSB downwards and F upwards when a new year’s data is added. If this pattern continues, this may result in an inflated advised catch.

Emergency management of this stock in 2001 has recovered it to very good levels. Ongoing management measures appear to be controlling exploitation of hake. However, in the Bay of Biscay management has failed to address the impact of the fishery on dolphins and porpoises. Infringement proceedings have been initiated.Hake fishing in the Bay of Biscay is primarily carried out by France and Spain. Bycatch of common dolphin and harbour porpoise in this area appears to be contributing to population-level declines. European legislation does not define a bycatch limit, but it does require countries to reduce and where possible eliminate cetacean bycatch. France and Spain have failed to take the required actions and infringement proceedings have been started by the EU. France’s state council has also ruled that action must be taken.Additional management information on the wider hake fishery is below. Northern hake is a shared stock between the UK, EU, and Norway. There is no joint management plan, although one is being considered. The main management measure is to set catch limits (Total Allowable Catches, TACs).ICES recommends catch limits for the northern hake stock as a whole. However, TACs apply only to the UK and EU member states and waters, so there is potential for overfishing if other states are accessing the stock (e.g. Norway). The agreed TACs were set just below the scientific advice between 2016 and 2019, and in 2021. However, in 2020 and 2022, the TACs exceeded the advice by 8% and 5% respectively. In both cases, ICES had recommended a greater than 20% decrease in catch, but hake TACs can't change by more than 20% in one year, so TACs remained above the advice.Between 2017 and 2021, actual catches averaged 88,684 tonnes, which equates to 76% of the advice (117,801t). This could be an indication that the stock biomass has been overestimated. Caution is needed because hake are fast growing with a high natural mortality rate, so if the biomass starts to decline it could drop rapidly. A Harvest Control Rule would help to mitigate this, as it would reduce exploitation rates when certain biological reference points are approached.Overall, currently, catch limits appear to be set in line with scientific advice and actual catches are within these limits.Other measures include:Minimum conservation reference size: hake can legally be caught and sold at 27cm (30cm in Skagerrak and Kattegat). Below this size, hake have to be landed but can't be sold for human consumption and so have a lower value. Hake mature at around 35-45cm, so this doesn't prevent juveniles from being caught.Landing obligation: it is illegal to discard unwanted (e.g. below-minimum-size, BMS) hake at sea. Overall, around 6% of the catch has been discarded in the last three years, and discarding rates have decreased since 2015. However, discarding of juvenile hake (both above and below MCRS) can be substantial in some areas and fleets, particularly gillnetting. Recently, discarding of large individuals increased because of quota restrictions in certain fleets. Continued monitoring is required.An Emergency Plan was brought in in 2001 to recover the stock, involving a TAC reduction and minimum mesh size of 100mm (depending on vessel size, location and proportion of hake in the total catch). It included targets for increasing stock size and reducing fishing mortality, and limited changes in TAC from year to year. The stock is now in a very good state, and fishing pressure is at sustainable levels, although this has been strongly influenced by good spawning years in 2008 and 2012.Both the EU and UK have various fishery management measures in place. In the EU, compliance with regulations has been variable, and there are ongoing challenges with implementing some of them. The Landing Obligation (LO), an EU law that the UK has kept after Brexit, requires all quota fish to be landed, even if they are unwanted (over-quota or below minimum size). It aims to promote more selective fishing methods, reduce bycatch, and improve recording of everything that is caught, not just what is wanted. Compliance with the LO is generally poor and actual levels of discards are difficult to quantify using the current fisheries observer programme. UK administrations are in the process of replacing the landing obligation with country-specific Catching Policies.In the UK, it is too early to tell how effective management is, as the Fisheries Act only came into force in January 2021. The Act requires the development of Fisheries Management Plans (FMPs) (replacing EU Multi-Annual Plans). FMPs are currently in development, but the scope of them remains unclear. They have the potential to be very important tools for managing UK fisheries, although data limitations may delay them for some stocks. MCS is keen to see publicly available FMPs for all commercially exploited stocks, especially where stocks are depleted, that include:Targets for fishing pressure and biomass, and additional management when those targets are not being met, based on the best available scientific evidenceTimeframes for stock recoveryImproved data collection, transparency and accountability, supported by technologies such as Remote Electronic Monitoring (REM)Consideration of wider environmental impacts of the fishery

There is an unsustainable bycatch of common dolphin and harbour porpoise in the Bay of Biscay. Gillnetting and pair trawling for hake are among the fisheries responsible.Hake is caught by longlines, gillnets, and bottom trawls in mixed fisheries alongside megrim, anglerfish and Norway lobster.There is concern for bycatch of dolphins and porpoises in the Bay of Biscay, as they are attracted to nets to feed on the species being caught. Hake fishing in this area appears to be contributing to population-level effects for some cetaceans. European legislation does not define a bycatch limit, but it does require countries to reduce and where possible eliminate cetacean bycatch.The Northeast Atlantic European common dolphin population is estimated to be 634,286 individuals. ICES have suggested a bycatch threshold of 4,927 individuals. Bycatch data is poor because observer coverage is poor, generally below 3% for most fleets. Strandings data is also available, but it is difficult to know which gears are responsible and not all dead animals are washed ashore. Estimated annual bycatch in the Bay of Biscay and Iberian Coast for 2019-2021 ranges from 5,938 individuals (observer data) to 9,040 (strandings data). This is above the suggested limit and does not include bycatch from other regions. Therefore, bycatch is likely to be above sustainable limits. Modelling of current bycatch rates suggests population decline over the long term.Fishing here is primarily by French and Spanish fleets. Based on observer data, gears include trammel netting, which targets bass, monkfish and sole, and caught over 2,000 dolphins annually from 2016-2021. Purse seining for small pelagic species, including sardine and anchovy, caught over 1,000 dolphins annually from 2019-2021. Midwater otter trawl and midwater and bottom pair trawlers, which target hake and bass, caught over 1,000 dolphins annually from 2016-2018 and around 800 from 2019-2021. Pair trawling for hake uses a net with a very high vertical opening of up to 25 metres, which increases the risk of dolphin bycatch, although this has reduced following the introduction of mandatory pingers to deter dolphins. Set gillnets, which target hake and monkfish, caught over 500 dolphins annually from 2019-2021.A coalition of environmental groups has recommended a series of measures to reduce bycatch. Proposals include winter closures to avoid peak bycatch season, move-on rules to leave areas of high bycatch, pingers, daylight fishing, and better monitoring. Few of these have been implemented. There are requirements under EU law to reduce bycatch and improve monitoring, but France and Spain have failed to deliver. Infringement proceedings have been started, requiring them to act. France’s state council has also ruled that action must be taken.The Iberian harbour porpoise population is much less well understood. It is estimated to be around 2,900 animals. A bycatch threshold of 25 individuals has been suggested. Data on bycatch levels for this species are very poor, but 500-1,000 individuals could be caught annually, based observer and strandings data. This is far above sustainable levels. Genetic data indicates that the population may be declining. Most bycatch is by gillnets and the target species include cod, hake, turbot, monkfish and lumpfish.Other species bycaught by gillnets in this area include the endangered common skate complex, six-gilled and basking sharks, common guillemot, European shag, and shearwaters. There is not enough data for rare species that are highly susceptible to bycatch such as leatherback turtle, European sturgeon and great white shark. Better data is needed to understand population impacts.Because of gillnets' durability (they are made of nylon), if lost, they can continue to fish for several weeks before becoming tangled and bundled up, a phenomenon known as 'ghost fishing'. However, static nets, as with all gear, represent an investment by fishermen, and therefore there are incentives to avoid losing or damaging gear.