European lobster

In the 'Southeast South Coast', fishing mortality is above the level required for maximum sustainable yield for both sexes. The biomass of both sexes is low, just above the minimum reference point.European lobster can be found from Scandinavia to North Africa. CEFAS defines six Lobster Fishery Units for England and publishes stock status reports for each area every 2 years. In this area, data is only available until 2019.In the latest stock assessment, fishing mortality (F) of European lobster in the 'Southeast South Coast' is above the level required for Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) for both males and females and under the maximum reference point for both sexes. The fishing pressure is reported to be particularly high on animals around the Minimum Conservation Reference Size (MCRS).The biomass status of both sexes is low, just above the minimum reference point for both males and females. However, data are insufficient for assessing stock status between 2011-2014.

This assessment is for the brown crab fishery (Southeast South Coast stock) in the Sussex Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority (IFCA) district. Management measures in place for this fishery are not effective in managing the stock.All vessels registered in the UK must have a domestic fishing vessel license to fish within the UK EEZ for sea fish that will be sold. No new licenses are being issued. All commercial vessels under 10m, with a shellfish license, are required to complete Monthly Shellfish Activity Return (MSAR) forms for the Marine Management Organisation (MMO). These must include the catch and retained weight each day along with the date, name of vessel, vessel registration number, gear type, area and port of landing. All vessels over 10m do not need to complete MSAR forms as they will be completing a logbook of catches. For all vessels, effort is reported as days fished, and not as pots fished.In England, there are some management measures in place, but there are no catch limits in place to prevent overexploitation. There is no limit on creel numbers, no spatial controls and no Total Allowable Catch (TAC) for either the fishery as a whole, or individual vessels.Crab and lobster fisheries are not limited by EU Total Allowable Catch (TAC) regulations or national regulations, and therefore are not limited in the number of lobsters they can take. Southern IFCA also do not have a pot limit in place for the whole district.Crab and lobster fisheries are not limited by Total Allowable Catch (TAC) regulations, and therefore are not limited in the number of crabs they can take. Sussex IFCA have a pot limit in place of 300 pots per vessel within the 3 nautical mile limit, and a total maximum of 600 pots within the 6 nautical mile limit.Sussex IFCA have the following byelaws in place:A permit is required to commercially fish for crab and lobster within the Sussex IFCA district.A minimum conservation reference size (MCRS) of 87mm carapace length.Pots must have a chamber with an entrance designed to restrict escape, unless the pot is fitted with an escape gap located in the exterior wall of the pot, or if there are multiple chambers in a pot, an escape gap must be fitted to each chamber.A vessel length limit of 14m.The Marine Conservation Society views Remote Electronic Monitoring (REM) with cameras is one of the most cost-effective tools for providing reliable fisheries data and aiding informed management decisions. Fully monitored fisheries enhance collaboration, data accuracy, stock recovery, and reduce impacts on marine wildlife and habitats. However, the full potential of REM may only be achieved when it tracks fishing location and documents catch and bycatch, particularly where vulnerable species and habitats are at risk. As of January 2024, the EU is introducing a Remote Electronic Monitoring (REM) mandate for EU vessels, including CCTV cameras on vessels 18m or more that pose a potential risk of non-compliance, within the next 4 years. Across the UK, different approaches to REM are being taken and legislation is expected to be in place across all 4 countries within the next few years.The Fisheries Act (2020) requires the development of Fisheries Management Plans (FMPs) (replacing EU Multi-Annual Plans) in the UK. 43 FMPs have been proposed and are at various stages of development and implementation, these should all be published by the end of 2028. FMPs have the potential to be very important tools for managing UK fisheries, although data limitations may delay them for some stocks. It is also essential the UK governments define and adopt a standardised approach or model across the four nations to a universally defined FMP design, to ensure the consistence, quality and coherence of all the proposal FMPs.The Marine Conservation Society is keen to see publicly available Fishery Management Plans for all commercially exploited stocks, especially where stocks are depleted, that include:An overview of the fishery including current stock status, spatial coverage, current fishing methods and impactsTargets for fishing pressure and biomass, and additional management when those targets are not being met, based on the best scientific evidenceTimeframes for stock recoveryImproved data collection, transparency, and accountability, supported by technologies such as Remote Electronic Monitoring (REM)Consideration of wider environmental impacts of the fishery, including habitat impacts and minimising bycatchStakeholder engagementA crab and lobster FMP for English waters has been proposed, coordinated by Defra, in partnership with Seafish that incorporates this stock. At the time of writing, it is too soon to know whether proposed management measures will be effective in managing the stock. For more information about this FMP and expected progress and timelines, see https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/crab-and-lobster-fisheries-management-plan-fmp-for-english-waters.

Pot fishing is considered sustainable as it is selective for larger individuals and has minimal impact on the surrounding environment.In the UK, brown crab and European lobster are fished together in a mixed fishery with seasonal and regional variation of target species taking place. The key fishing season for brown crab in the UK takes place from May to December. Crabs are caught in pots, also known as creels, and can be fished individually or as part of a fleet of up to 100 pots, depending on the size of the boat and crew. Pots are portable traps made of wood or steel wire and plastic. The crab is baited into the initial part (the chamber) and moves into the secondary part (the parlour) where it becomes trapped.In brown crab fisheries, there is no legislation or regulation to standardise the type of pot used. They tend to be highly selective as undersized animals can be returned to the sea alive and survival rates for non-target organisms are thought to be high. More than half of the bycatch caught are predicted to survive, although there is little available research to prove this. Measures to further reduce bycatch include the use of escape panels to allow undersize animals and bycatch to escape pots.Habitat impacts from potting are low but can occur during deployment, soak time or hauling of the pot, impacting the benthic habitat and associated species through contact with the pot or end weight, or by scouring from ropes. Research that has taken place suggests that while some damage does occur, it is unlikely to be significant unless potting intensity is high (defined as approximately 30 pots per 500 square metres). Most damage occurs where traps are set in rocky habitats that are home to corals, sponges, sea whips and other large emergent species. These habitats and species provide nursery areas, refuges from predators and habitat for the settlement of invertebrate spat.In some circumstances, there can be instances of ghost fishing, when lost fishing gear continues to fish and can entangle a variety of species, but this can be minimised by using appropriate gear and release devices.The type of bait used in crab and lobster fishing is dependent on the area and availability of suitable products. Common bait species include mackerel and herring. However, there is concern that a significant amount of unreported bycatch from net fisheries are also being used as bait. This can include wrasse, conger eel, and low value species such as dogfish. Bycatch taken in creels, such as cephalopods, are also known to be used as bait. The environmental impact of this is unknown.